First I would probably find some already made graphics of just random symbols and shapes. I've found some by typing "Y2K vector graphics" into google. Maybe find some suitable fonts also.
I found a playlist full of tutorials you can viewYou can also download a fractal program to make the fractals and use a threshold filter to turn them into flat vectors. I'm sure people already made a bunch of fractals you can download online.
I would recommend to learn a 3D software to make the fractals tho since you'll have more flexibility.
For the image you wanna recreate. I would make the character a flat cut out image and the splatter a fractal with the white doodles being vector symbols instead